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by malcolm rowe this is just to say i have invalidated the assumptions that your code depended upon forgive me they were so well hidden and so fragile — reid mckenzie , twitter 4 july 2017 deadlocks in java class initialisation i recently ran across the fact that it’s possible to make the java runtime deadlock while initialising a class — and that this behaviour is even mandated by the java language specification. here’s a java 7 program that demonstrates the problem: public class program { public static void main ( string args []) { new thread ( new runnable () { @override public void run () { a . initme (); } }). start (); b . initme (); } private static class a { private static final b b = new b (); static void initme () {} } private static class b { private static final a a = new a (); static void initme () {} } } in addition to demonstrating that lambdas are a good idea (all that boilerplate to start a thread!), this also shows how cycles during class initialisation can lead to a deadlock. here’s what happens when you run it 1 : $ javac program.java $ java program that is, it hangs. in java, classes are loaded at some arbitrary point before use, but are only initialised — running the static {} blocks and static field initialisers — at defined points 2 . one of these points is just before a static method is invoked, and so the two calls to a.initme() and b.initme() above will both trigger initialisation for the respective classes. in this case, each class contains a static field that instantiates an instance of the other class. instantiating the other class requires that that class is initialised, and so what we end up with is that each class’s initialisation is blocked waiting for the initialisation of the other class to complete. if you trigger a thread dump at this point — by sending a sigquit or hitting ctrl-\ (or ctrl-break on windows) — then you’ll see something like this: full thread dump openjdk 64-bit server vm (24.79-b02 mixed mode): "thread-0" prio=10 tid=0x00007efd50105000 nid=0x51db in object.wait() [0x00007efd3f168000] java.lang.thread.state: runnable at program$a.<clinit>(program.java:13) at program$1.run(program.java:5) at java.lang.thread.run(thread.java:745) "main" prio=10 tid=0x00007efd5000a000 nid=0x51ca in object.wait() [0x00007efd59d45000] java.lang.thread.state: runnable at program$b.<clinit>(program.java:18) at program.main(program.java:9) [...] interestingly, you can see that while both threads are executing an implicit object.wait() , they’re listed as runnable rather than waiting , and there’s no output from the deadlock detector. i suspect that the reason for both of these is that the details of class initialisation changed in java 7: in java 6, the runtime would attempt to lock the monitor owned by each class instance for the duration of the initialisation, while in java 7, attempting to initialise a class that’s already being initialised by another thread just requires that that the caller be blocked in some undefined fashion until that initialisation completes. there are other ways to trigger the same problem, too. here’s another problematic snippet: public class foo { public static final foo empty = new emptyfoo (); } public class emptyfoo extends foo {} here we have foo , and emptyfoo , a special — presumably empty, in some fashion — version of foo . emptyfoo is usable directly, but it’s also available as foo.empty . the problem here is that initialising emptyfoo requires us to initialise the superclass, and initialising foo requires initialisation of emptyfoo for the static field. this would be fine in one thread, but if two threads attempt to initialise the two classes separately, deadlock results. cyclic dependencies between classes have always been problematic in both java and c#, as references to non-constant static fields in classes that are already being initialised see uninitialised (java) or default (c#) values. however, normally the initialisation does complete; here, it doesn’t, and here the dependencies are simply between the classes, not between their data members. unfortunately, i don’t know of any convenient way to detect these cycles in java: openjdk provides -xx:+traceclassinitialization , which i suspect might be useful, but it’s only available in debug builds of the openjdk jre 3 , and i haven’t been able to confirm exactly what it shows. and for what it’s worth, i’m not aware of a better solution for detecting cycles in c# either. for noda time, we used a custom cycle detector for a while; it spotted some bugs resulting from reading default values, but it was too brittle and invasive (it required modifying each class), and so we removed it before 1.0. i suppose that if we assume that class initialisation occurs atomically and on multiple threads, then this kind of problem is bound to come up 4 . perhaps what’s surprising is that these languages do allow the use of partially-initialised classes in the single-threaded case? if videos are your thing, the folks at webucator have turned this post into a video as part of their free (registration required) java solutions from the web course. they also offer a series of paid java fundamentals classes covering a variety of topics. or at least, what happens when i run it, on a multiprocessor debian machine running openjdk 7u79. i don’t think the versions are particularly important — this behaviour seems to be present in all java versions — though i am a little surprised that i didn’t need to add any additional synchronisation or delays. ↩ a similar situation exists in c# for classes with static constructors (for classes without, the runtime is allowed much more latitude as to when the type is initialised ). ↩ you can trace class loading with -xx:traceclassloadingpreorder and -xx:traceclassloading , but this doesn’t tell you when class initialisation happens. ↩ he says, with a sample size of one. i haven’t managed to confirm what c# does, for example, and c++ avoids this problem by replacing it with a much larger one, the “ static initialisation order fiasco ”. ↩ 25 october 2015 pip install --isolated fails on python 3.0–3.3 (this is a quick post for search-engine fodder, since i didn’t manage to find anything relevant myself.) if you’re using pip install --isolated to install python packages and find that it fails with an error like the following: complete output from command python setup.py egg_info: usage: -c [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...] or: -c --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...] or: -c --help-commands or: -c cmd --help error: option --no-user-cfg not recognized … then you might have run into an incompatibility between pip and python versions 3.0–3.3 . pip version 6.0 added an isolated mode (activated by the --isolated flag) that avoids looking at per-user configuration ( pip.conf and environment variables). running pip in isolated mode also passes the --no-user-cfg flag to python’s distutils to disable reading the per-user ~/.pydistutils.cfg . but that flag isn’t available in python versions 3.0–3.3, causing the error above. i ran into this because i recently migrated the python code that generates this site to run under python 3.x. i’m using a virtualenv setup, so once i had everything working under both python versions, i was reasonably confident that i could switch ‘production’ (i.e. the compute engine instance that serves this site) to python 3 and discard the 2.x-compatibility code. good thing i tested it out first, since it didn’t even install. it turns out that: virtualenv ships an embedded copy of pip and setuptools, but setuptools will use the system version of distutils 1 , and --no-user-cfg was added in python 2.7, but wasn’t ported to 3.x until 3.4 2 , and the distribution i’m using on my real server (debian 7) ships with python 3.2.3, rather than the 3.4.x i’m using elsewhere. i worked around this by just omitting the --isolated flag for python verions [3.0, 3.4) — though since i don’t actually have any system co

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https://www.farside.org.uk/201406/noda_time_1.3.0
https://www.farside.org.uk/malcolm.asc
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https://www.farside.org.uk/201510/deadlocks_in_java_class_initialisation
https://www.farside.org.uk/#fnref-csharp-unknown-unknowns
https://www.farside.org.uk/201506/pip_install_isolated
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https://www.farside.org.uk/#fn-csharp-unknown-unknowns
https://www.farside.org.uk/#fnref-its-complicated
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https://www.farside.org.uk/#fnref-slow

Whois Information

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Domain name:
farside.org.uk

Registrant:
Malcolm Rowe

Registrant type:
UK Individual

Registrant's address:
The registrant is a non-trading individual who has opted to have their
address omitted from the WHOIS service.

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 09-Feb-2016

Registrar:
Gandi [Tag = GANDI]
URL: http://www.gandi.net

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 26-Feb-2003
Expiry date: 26-Feb-2022
Last updated: 14-Feb-2017

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns-cloud1.googledomains.com
ns-cloud2.googledomains.com
ns-cloud3.googledomains.com
ns-cloud4.googledomains.com

DNSSEC:
Signed

WHOIS lookup made at 15:28:59 07-Oct-2017

--
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
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Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.

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  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS farside.org.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

OWNER

  ORGANIZATION Malcolm Rowe

TYPE
UK Individual

ADDRESS
The registrant is a non-trading individual who has opted to have their
address omitted from the WHOIS service.
Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 09-Feb-2016

DOMAIN

  SPONSOR Gandi [Tag = GANDI]

  CREATED 2003-02-26

  CHANGED 2017-02-14

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS-CLOUD1.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM 216.239.32.106

  NS-CLOUD2.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM 216.239.34.106

  NS-CLOUD3.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM 216.239.36.106

  NS-CLOUD4.GOOGLEDOMAINS.COM 216.239.38.106

DNSSEC
Signed

  NAME farside.org.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED yes

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